Today, researchers argue for introspective methods as crucial for understanding certain experiences and contexts.Two Minnesota researchers (Jones & Schmid, 2000) used autoethnography, a narrative approach to introspective analysis (Ellis, 1999), to study the phenomenological experience of the prison world and the consequent adaptations and transformations that it evokes. Critics were also concerned about the possibility of retrospection, or the memory of sensation rather than the sensation itself. Critics argued that self-analysis is not feasible, and that introspection can yield different results depending on the subject. Structuralism’s reliance on introspection, despite Titchener’s rigid guidelines, was criticized for its lack of reliability. Structuralism was also criticized because its subject of interest – the conscious experience – was not easily studied with controlled experimentation. Wundt’s primary method of research was introspection, which involves training people to concentrate and report on their conscious experiences as they react to stimuli. This approach is still used today in modern neuroscience research however, many scientists criticize the use of introspection for its lack of empirical approach and objectivity. In terms of research focus, Wundt and Titchener explored topics such as attention span, reaction time, vision, emotion, and time perception, all of which are still studied today. Their approaches to the study of the mind were based on systematic and rigorous observation, laying the foundation for modern psychological experimentation. The early structural and functional psychologists believed that the study of conscious thoughts would be the key to understanding the mind. In this chapter, we extend this discussion to include the theoretical and methodological aspects of these two approaches within the biological perspective and provide examples of relevant studies. In section 1.2, we discuss the history and development of functionalism and structuralism. As technical sophistication leads to advancements in research methods, more advanced topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, and consciousness are now being studied.īiological psychology has its roots in early structuralist and functionalist psychological studies, and as with all of the major perspectives, it has relevance today. Key areas of focus include sensation and perception motivated behaviour (such as hunger, thirst, and sex) control of movement learning and memory sleep and biological rhythms and emotion. Because all behaviour is controlled by the central nervous system, biological psychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behaviour.
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